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<title>Syllabification</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syllabification</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the division of words to break lines. For the syllable structure of words, see <a href="Syllable#Syllabification" title="Syllable">Syllable § Syllabification</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hyphenation" redirects here. For the placing of hyphens in other contexts, see <a href="Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a>. For the international relations concept, see <a href="De-hyphenation" title="De-hyphenation">De-hyphenation</a>.</div>

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<p>

<b>Syllabification</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</span></span>) or <b>syllabication</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</span></span>), also known as <b>hyphenation</b>, is the separation of a <a href="Word" title="Word">word</a> into <a href="Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>, whether spoken, written<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or signed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>The written separation into syllables is usually marked by a <a href="Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> when using <a href="English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> (e.g., syl-la-ble) and with a period when transcribing the actually spoken syllables in the <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (e.g., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsɪl.ə.bᵊɫ]</span>). For presentation purposes, <a href="Typographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographer">typographers</a> may use an <a href="Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> (<a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character U+00B7, e.g., syl·la·ble), a special-purpose "hyphenation point" (U+2027, e.g., syl‧la‧ble), or a <a href="Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> (e.g., syl la ble).

</p><p>At the end of a line, a word is separated in writing into parts, conventionally called "syllables", if it does not fit the line and if moving it to the next line would make the first line much shorter than the others. This can be a particular problem with very long words, and with narrow columns in newspapers. <a href="Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">Word processing</a> has automated the process of <a href="Justification_(typesetting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification (typesetting)">justification</a>, making syllabification of shorter words often unnecessary.

</p><p>In some languages, the spoken syllables are also the basis of syllabification in writing. However, possibly due to the weak correspondence between sounds and letters in the spelling of modern English, written syllabification in English is based mostly on <a href="Etymological" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymological">etymological</a> or <a href="Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a>, instead of <a href="Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a>, principles. For example, it is not possible to syllabify "learning" as <i>lear-ning</i> according to the correct syllabification of the living language. Seeing only <i>lear-</i> at the end of a line might mislead the reader into pronouncing the word incorrectly, as the <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <i>ea</i> can hold <a href="English_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="English spelling">many different values</a>. The history of English orthography accounts for such phenomena.

</p><p>English written syllabification therefore deals with a concept of "syllable" that does not correspond to the linguistic concept of a phonological (as opposed to morphological) unit.

</p><p>As a result, even most native English speakers are unable to syllabify words according to established rules without consulting a dictionary or using a word processor. Schools usually do not provide much more advice on the topic than to consult a dictionary. In addition, there are differences between British and US syllabification and even between dictionaries of the same English variety.

</p><p>In <a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (<a href="Romaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaji">Romaji</a>), <a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (<a href="Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Romanized</a>) and other nearly phonemically spelled languages, writers can in principle correctly syllabify any existing or newly created word using only general rules. In Finland, children are first taught to hyphenate every word until they produce the correct syllabification reliably, after which the hyphens can be omitted.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algorithm">Algorithm</h2></div>

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<div><span class="unsolved-label" id="unsolved-label-computer_science">Unsolved problem in computer science</span></div>

<div class="unsolved-body">Is there any perfect syllabification algorithm in English language?</div>

<div class="unsolved-more"><a href="List_of_unsolved_problems_in_computer_science" title="List of unsolved problems in computer science">More unsolved problems in computer science</a></div>

</div>

<p>A <b>hyphenation algorithm</b> is a set of rules, especially one codified for implementation in a computer program, that decides at which points a word can be broken over two lines with a hyphen. For example, a hyphenation algorithm might decide that <i>impeachment</i> can be broken as <i>impeach-ment</i> or <i>im-peachment</i> but not <i>impe-achment</i>.

</p><p>One of the reasons for the complexity of the rules of word-breaking is that different dialects of English tend to differ on hyphenation: <a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a> tends to work on sound, but <a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a> tends to look to the origins of the word and then to sound. There is also a large number of exceptions, which further complicates matters.

</p><p>Among the <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a> approaches to hyphenation, the one implemented in the <a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX typesetting system</a> is widely used. It is thoroughly documented in the first two volumes of <i><a href="Computers_and_Typesetting" title="Computers and Typesetting">Computers and Typesetting</a></i> by Donald Knuth and in Franklin Mark Liang's dissertation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of Liang's work was to get the algorithm as accurate as possible and to keep exceptions to a minimum.

</p><p>In TeX's original hyphenation patterns for American English, the exception list contains only 14 words.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Ports of the TeX hyphenation algorithm are available as libraries for several programming languages, including <a href="Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, and TeX can be made to show hyphens in the log by the command <code>\showhyphens</code>.

</p><p>In <a href="LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, hyphenation correction can be added by users by using:

</p>

<pre>\hyphenation{words}</pre>

<p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points in which words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated by a <code>-</code> character. For example,

</p>

<pre>\hyphenation{fortran er-go-no-mic}</pre>

<p>declares that in the current job "fortran" should not be hyphenated and that if "ergonomic" must be hyphenated, it will be at one of the indicated points.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, there are several limits. For example, the stock <code>\hyphenation</code> command accepts only <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> letters by default and so it cannot be used to correct hyphenation for words with non-ASCII characters (like <i>ä</i>, <i>é</i>, <i>ç</i>), which are very common in many languages. Simple workarounds exist, however.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tautosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautosyllabic">Tautosyllabic, heterosyllabic</a> and <a href="Ambisyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambisyllabic">ambisyllabic</a> phones</li>

<li><a href="English_phonology#Syllable_structure" title="English phonology">Syllable structure in English phonology</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term is also used for the process of a consonant becoming syllabic. For example, in <a href="American_English_regional_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="American English regional differences">North Central American English</a>, "can" may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kən]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kn̩]</span> with the a syllabic /n/.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBausGutiérrezCarreiras2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baus, C.; Gutiérrez, E.; Carreiras, M. (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230165">"The role of syllables in sign language production"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>5</b>: 1254. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01254">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01254</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230165">4230165</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25431562">25431562</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiang1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Liang, Franklin Mark (August 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tug.org/docs/liang/"><i>Word Hy-phen-a-tion by Com-pu-ter</i></a> (PhD). Department of Computer Science, <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. STAN-CS-83-977.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mirrors.ctan.org/info/digests/tugboat/hyphenex/tb0hyf.pdf">"The Plain TeX hyphenation tables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1995" class="citation web cs1">Green, Sheldon (5 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noodle.med.yale.edu/latex/latex2e-html/ltx-244.html">"\hyphenation"</a>. <i>Hypertext Help with LaTeX</i>. Yale Image Processing and Analysis Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127043725/http://noodle.med.yale.edu/latex/latex2e-html/ltx-244.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-hyphenaccents">"Accented words aren't hyphenated"</a>. <i>TeX FAQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128190033/https://texfaq.org/FAQ-hyphenaccents">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texfaq.org/FAQ-hyphen">"How does hyphenation work in TeX?"</a>. <i>TeX FAQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127043729/https://texfaq.org/FAQ-hyphen">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juiciobrennan.com/hyphenator/">Online Lyric Hyphenator</a>: Hyphenates English text into syllables</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plumefrancaise.fr/en/c%C3%A9sure">Hyphenation tool for the French Language</a>: Hyphenates French words with explanation</li></ul>

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